Company Changes Over Time And It Is Easy For A Business Plan

A company changes over time and it is easy for a business plan to become out-of-date. In this case, you must amend your business plan. You must make the necessary alterations so that the new plan takes into account the new variables and addresses them to keep the business on track. Keep in mind, that you cannot see the future, so building a perfect business plan at the beginning is practically impossible. Don’t get frustrated when some things do not go as planned. Instead, alter your plan to take into account the changes. Daniel C. Finley, a former advisor and president of a business development consulting and coaching service agrees that your business plan must evolve over time, however he cautions you not to â€Å"over-adjust it.† He writes,†¦show more content†¦Goals allow you to gage the progress of your business. It prevents anyone from getting overwhelmed. It shows them how much they have accomplished rather than how much there is left to do. This leads t o a more positive work environment and increased employee happiness. An important aspect to the success of a business, that often goes unnoticed, is the happiness of its employees. If an employee is miserable doing the work they are given, then the willingness of this employee to go the extra mile for the sake of the company is extremely limited. The employees who are miserable with what they do for a living are the ones who care solely about the paycheck at the end of the week rather than the result of their work and its impact on the business. Employees should be happy in the workplace. It should be filled with positive energy because when an employee is positive and motivated, they tend to be more productive. Daniel Sgroi, in the Journal of Labor Economics, writes: In three different styles of experiment, randomly selected individuals are made happier either through the use of a short (10 minute) comedy clip or through the provision of drinks and snacks. We check that these methods make the subjects happier (they do) and then go on to show that these individuals have approximately 12% greater productivity than a control group. (Finley, Daniel C)

The Definition Of Science And Research Methods - 1189 Words

What is science? A brief elaboration of the definition of science and research methods INTRODUCTION Science is a complex activity, which may be defined in a number of ways. To unite both the process and the product of science, one way to define science is as a process of constructing predictive conceptual models (Gilbert, 1991). Gilbert (1991) states, when referring to Kuhn (1970, Lunetta Hofstein (1981), Miller (1978) and Stevens Collins (1980) that in essence, ‘’the definition of science includes virtually all of the products of science, is consistent with the expanded definition of models evident in the literature and unifies scientific fields which operate with diverse methodologies.’’ (p.73). With this statement, Gilbert†¦show more content†¦QUANTITATIVE VS. QUALITIVE RESEARCH The Oxford Dictionary defines research ‘’as a careful study of a subject, especially in order to discover new facts or information about it [..]’’. Research can be divided into qualitative and quantitative research. Many authors have elaborated about the qualitative-quantitative debate. Some different than the other, but not a lot of authors seem to prefer one method above the other. Many new articles come up promoting mix-method research where both methods are used simultaneously. Like many other authors, Hennink, Hutter Bailey (2011) elaborate in their book about the key differences between qualitative and quantitative research. This paper is based on, but not limited to, their findings. A characteristic of quantitative research is that it is based on positivism (Sale et al., 2002) in contrast to qualitative research that is based on interpretivism (Altheide Johnson, 1994; Kuzel Like, 1991; Secker et al., 1995) and constructivism (Guba Lincoln, 1994), which is a very clarifying explanation for the two terms. Quantitative research methods are based on one truth and leave no room for own interpretation, while qualitative research leave room for multiple realities and are open for interpretation (Sale et al., 2002). When doing a qualitative analysis you interpreted your data, oppose to doing a quantitative analysis, which is statistical. Regarding the

Radicalization French Revolution Free Essays

Reasons radicalization of French Revolution By the end of September 1791, the National Assembly announced that its work was done. In many ways, the Constitution of 1791 seemed to fulfil the promises of reform which had been first uttered by the men of 1789. All Frenchmen could now be proud that the following rights had been secured: equality before the law, careers open to talent, a written constitution, and parliamentary government. We will write a custom essay sample on Radicalization French Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hence, there was a sizeable faction within the National Assembly who were satisfied and claimed the Revolution to be at an end as its primary aims had been achieved. However, by 1792 the revolution moved in a more radical and violent direction. Why the revolution became radical is often debated, and there are essentially two main reasons as to why it did so. First, a counter-revolution, loyal to Church and King, was led by the noble and the clergy and supported by staunch Catholic peasants. This threatened the changes of the revolutionaries; therefore they turned to drastic measures. Second, the economic, social, and political discontent of the urban working classes also propelled the Revolution in the direction of radicalism. These were the small shop-keepers, artisans and wage earners, referred to as ‘sans-culottes’. Popular discontent and Jacobin agitation was evident in August as the city council was overthrown and the Commune of Paris was established. Despite the revolutionaries drafting a constitution, they now had no monarch as the royal family was under house arrest. By September the capital was in a state of chaos as more than 1,200 people were killed. This took place in order to maintain revolution and keep it moving forward. Although the constitution was already enshrined and the citizens had their freedom and liberties, there was still plenty of public dissent and disapproval as to whether or not these laws would help create a new government and prevent the country from breaking apart. The people had come this far and were not prepared to watch their efforts lead to failure or the restoration of an absolute monarchy. As a result of this radical forces were able to get citizens on side by claiming the constitution of 1791 did not meet the demands of all the people. Radicals led the Commune, discarded the old constitution and called for a National Convention to revise a new one. In January 1793, Louis XVI was executed and the Jacobins condemned their actions by claiming that the monarchy had to be abolished in order to eliminate as many of the royalist and monarchists that remained. France was declared a republic and it could be suggested that his death signified the emergence of nationalism as people remained loyal to the radicals. In addition to this, it highlighted the point where radicalism would dominate the revolution. The revolution faced strain as it coped with the weight of foreign war and civil war which caused the revolutionary leadership to grow more radical. Moderate reformers – the Girondins, had previously dominated the National Convention, but this was to change. Division within the convention began to emerge within the Convention as the Jacobins and Girondins desired different aims. Factional disputes resulted in the replacement of the Girondins with the Jacobins – the far more radical of the two. The Jacobins claimed it was their duty to save the revolution and their strengths helped gain them the support of the sans-culottes. It was the premise of the Jacobins that they should eradicate the â€Å"enemies† and secure the destiny of the revolution through the destruction of counter-revolutionary forces. The Jacobins managed to grip firm control of the Convention and the French Nation. Essentially, they were now the government. However, with the strain of civil war, economic distress and threats of foreign invasion, they realised strong leadership was required in order to save the revolution. The CPS assumed tight leadership in April 1793, and it has been argued that the reign of terror followed from this. The Committee ordered arrests and trials of counter-revolutionaries and imposed government authority. However, there was no turning back from the radical phase that the people had voluntarily entered. By summer, the reign of terror had spread over France, spearheaded by the infallibility of Robespierre, began persecuting even the innocent. It can be seen it was far too radical as even the moderate Girondins were accused of counter-revolutionary actions and expelled from the Convention. What was once a legislative, two-sided body had now become an authoritarian oligarchy led by radicals. It has been argued that this was a step backwards in the revolution as it imitated an absolute monarchy, without the safeguards of constitution. Around 17,000 people died as a result of the terror, and this was to be a stage in the revolution that could not be undone. In the summer of 1794 there seemed to be less need for terror and the republic seemed a reality. With the 9th Thermidor, the machinery of the Jacobin republic was dismantled. Leadership passed to the property owning bourgeoisie. The government then changed hands to the five-man directory and radicalism had been effectively thwarted. However, France was still at war with the rest of Europe and leadership began to pass into the hands of generals, which ultimately saw the emergence of Napoleon Bonaparte. France was not prepared for such social and political upheaval, and the resulting shift towards a republic would change the country forever. How to cite Radicalization French Revolution, Essay examples

The analysis of the text -May Day- by F. S. Fitzgerald free essay sample

The analysis of the text â€Å"May Day† by F. S. Fitzgerald. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896- December 21, 1940) was an Irish American Jazz Age novelist and short story writer. Fitzgerald is regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the twentieth century. In his own age, Fitzgerald was the self-styled spokesman of the Lost Generation, or the Americans born in the 1890s who came of age during World War I. He finished four novels, left a fifth unfinished, and wrote dozens of short stories that treat themes of youth, despair, and age. Many admire what they consider his remarkable emotional honesty. His heroes- handsome, confident, and doomed blaze brilliantly before exploding, and his heroines are typically beautiful, intricate, and alluring. Fitzgerald started writing for periodicals, publishing early stories such as The Diamond as Big as The Ritz, later collected in Tales of The Jazz Age (1922). Fame and prosperity were both welcome and frightening; in The Beautiful and Damned (1922), he describes the life he and Zelda feared, a descent into ennui and dissipation. The Fitzgeralds moved in 1924 to the French Riviera, where they fell in with a group of American expatriates, described in his last completed novel, Tender Is The Night (1934). Shortly after their arrival, he completed his greatest work, The Great Gatsby (1925), which poignantly expresses his ambivalence about American life, at once vulgar and dazzlingly promising. Some of his finest short stories of this period, particularly The Rich Boy and Absolution, appeared in All the Sad Young Men (1926). His last work, the Hollywood novel The Last Tycoon (1941), was left unfinished at his death at 44 of alcohol-related causes. The text under analysis is an extract from the short story May Day. The text is about two friends, who are both twenty-four, Yale graduates of the year before the war. One of them is Philip Dean, a wealthy successful man, who is in his vacations in New York; the other friend is Gordon Sterrett, the straight opposition to his friend, an unsuccessful penniless man who is searching for a job in New York. In this extract Gordon Sterrett is begging Philip Dean to give him some money to make a fresh start. At the end they quite suddenly and definitely hated each other. The theme of the text is the conflict between rich and poor, . The introduction of the text is written in high-flown style. The setting is New York City at the end of the First World War (â€Å"There had been a war fought and won and the great city of the conquering people was crossed with triumphal arches and vivid with thrown flowers of white, red and rose†). The author shows pathos and triumph which is typical to chronicles and epic narrations with the help of different figures of speech, so he uses a lot of stylistic devises, such as epithets great and vivid city, triumphal arches, resonant wind of the brasses.  inversion: â€Å"There had been a war fought and won†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"thrown flowers of white, red and rose†. The next part is narrated in the form of dialogue between two young friends. It is full of shortenings such as it’s, I’m, you’d, you’ll, I’ve, won’t, and , and vulgarisms: Every God damn thing†¦, I’ve made a hell of†¦.. The text is told in the 3rd person singular. Fitzgerald likes to include a lot of dialogue, not only to keep the readers attention, but also to elaborate on what was taking place throughout the story and give a more in-depth look into the lives of the characters in the story. The dialogues enabled the reader to feel as though you were a character in the story. Before a dialogue the narrator gives some background information indirectly to enable the reader to follow along with the interaction that is to take place between characters. Much of the detail he puts into the story act as a stage direction, similar to that of a play. The author introduced to a wide range of characters, though really there are only two types: the fortunate and the unlucky, the haves and have-nots. He represented them in a contrast. They are described indirectly through their actions, speech, thoughts, appearance. Fitzgerald could hardly make the distinction clearer than in the substantive opening chapter, which reacquaints old Yale graduates Gordon Sterrett (â€Å"his eyes †¦ framed below with the blue semicircle of ill health, heightened by an unnatural glow which coloured his face like a low, incessant fever†) and Philip Dean (â€Å"blond, ruddy and rugged †¦ Everything about him radiated fitness and bodily comfort†). Sterrett is down on his luck, and Dean finds that â€Å"there was something in his present misery that repelled him and hardened him, even though it excited his curiosity. By the end of the chapter, when Dean has loaned Sterrett five dollars, â€Å"they quite suddenly and definitely hated each other. † Firstly, the author depicted them in an opposition their appearance and clothing. They are described with the help of epithets: George Sterrett is a small, slender, darkly handsome man dressed in a shabby suit with ragged and linty shirt-cuff, faded and thumb-creased tie of former glory; while Philip Dean was blond, ruddy, and rugged under his thin pajamas. Everything about him radiated fitness and bodily comfort. He smiled frequently, showing large and prominent teeth., a family of thick silk shirts littered on the chairs amid impressive neckties and soft woollen socks. , dressed in blue silk pajamas, It was of very heavy silk, yellow, with a pale blue stripe and there were nearly a dozen of them, fresh underwear. The emotional state of main characters is rather different, too. It changes from enthusiastic, surprised and with a half-exuberance in the very beginning to anxious, depressive and with rising anger in the last paragraph: shook his head impatiently, . hated each other. Philip Dean is a self-affected person, also he is a former sportsman and the following details of his behavior â€Å"polishing the body, draping reluctantly, inspecting calves and knees, bestowing† depict it. Similarity â€Å"the sunshine which poured† expresses the excellent mood of the heroes. F. S. Fitzgerald vividly depicts his image by using â€Å"being unfairly saddled with responsibility† to distinguish Philip’s condition during the conversation. Thee author used the personification â€Å"eyes roved nervously around the room† and for his eyes â€Å"resting for a moment† shows how unconfident and shy Gordon was at the moment?when George was alone in the room. The metaphor â€Å"the morning sunshine poured into the room† is used to create a relaxing atmosphere to stress Philip’s confidence. The author implies the metaphor â€Å"I can draw like a streak† in order to prove his talent. Also one point is their voice, wh ich is changed, too. Firstly they spoke eagerly, gradually enthusiastic, moreover we can see some peculiarities of colloquial and literary speech â€Å"Weil, how was Gordy, old boy! † Im all in. , look all shot to lead the readers into the positive feelings of old friends. But during the conversation the situation changes so the voice becomes: miserable, shaking and trembling with a hesitant note and cold formalism, shook his head impatiently. Asyndeton Its an air of worry and poverty and sleepless nights was used in order to support the miserable emotional attitude of Gordon. In conclusion we can mention that Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald is considered a member of the Lost Generation, and key terms of Fitzgerald’s works Jazz Age, Lost Generation and American Dream. The main idea depicts it. This idea is the basis for such phenomenon in American culture as American dream.

Asthma Control and Treatment in Racial and Ethnic Minorities Essay Example

Asthma Control and Treatment in Racial and Ethnic Minorities Essay Example Asthma Control and Treatment in Racial and Ethnic Minorities Paper Asthma Control and Treatment in Racial and Ethnic Minorities Paper Abstract Asthma is the most common chronic diseases in the world. Economic and racial/minority disparities in the prevalence and extreme of asthma are researched well, with people belonging to low socio-economic status and racial/minority are more prone to have this chronic disease. It has been noticed that even after trying to control this disease, minorities and people from low socio-economic status are more likely to be hospitalized and yet still not treated fully. There is constant recurring of the same patients coming in for treatment of asthma. This tendency is particularly observed in the urban areas, where racial and ethnic minority who are normally economically disadvantaged people are exposed to asthma-related factors such as poor housing conditions, environmental tobacco smoke, crowding, air pollution, and other allergens. Additional research into these pathways is critical for the design of interventions to reduce the income and racial/ethnic discrepancies in the prevalence and ef fect of asthma as a leading cause of childhood morbidity. This paper discusses the prevalence, morbidity, mortality, factors contributing to a higher prevalence of asthma in racial and ethnic minorities. In the end the disparities in the asthma treatment in minorities is discussed. Asthma Control and Treatment in Racial and Ethnic Minorities Introduction Although asthma cannot be cured, effective treatments have been available for many years. Practice nurses can help to ensure these treatments are used effectively Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that presents as diffuse airways obstruction and is reversible either spontaneously or with treatment. Prevalence, Morbidity, Mortality of Asthma In Racial And Ethnic Minorities Asthma is the most common chronic disease especially in children, and thus prevailing in approximately 4.8 million children in the United States. Asthma is one of the major reasons for hospitalization. Different researches have found out that there is comparatively greater prevalence of asthma in people who belong to urban, racial and ethnic minorities, and low-socioeconomic backgrounds. Prevalence rates of asthma belonging to these backgrounds are found to be 10 percent to 20 percent while the prevalence for US children is 6 percent. These outcomes show that there is increased difference in the prevalence of asthma by racial/ethnic group: in Hispanics, Puerto Ricans have the highest asthma prevalence rate (19.6%), which is three times the prevalence for Mexicans (6.1%). Other racial/ethnic minorities include non-Hispanic Blacks whose prevalence of asthma is (13.8%) and non-Hispanic Whites (11.1%). (Homa, Mannino, Lara, 2000) In the US in 2000, asthma’s morbidity was 474,000 a sthma hospitalizations and 11.9 million medical visits for the disease. Among the diverse U.S. Hispanic population, Puerto Ricans have the greatest annual asthma mortality (40.9 per million) followed by Cuban Americans (15.8 per million) and Mexican Americans (9.2 per million). In comparison, non-Hispanic whites had an annual asthma mortality of 14.7 per million, and non-Hispanic blacks had a rate of 38.1 per million. (Carr, Zeitel, Weiss, 2002) In the US today, patterns of childhood asthma prevalence vary greatly according to socioeconomic status and racial/ethnic background. The highest prevalence and morbidity have occurred among Black children, particularly children of low socioeconomic status residing in large urban areas. It is argued that these racial/ethnic and economic asthma patterns are largely accounted for by social and environmental characteristics). Not often addressed are differences in asthma prevalence within low-income, urban, minority racial/ethnic groups. (Gent, Holford, Leaderer 1996) In particular, epidemiological studies of childhood asthma prevalence have found significant differences among Hispanic subgroups, with Puerto Ricans having the highest rates and Mexican Americans the lowest rates. In the United States, asthma prevalence, hospitalization, and mortality are higher for Black/African American   (racial/ethnic minority) compared to White Caucasian (majority) children and adults. In a Southfield, Michigan, cross-sectional study of childhood asthma in an integrated middle class population, the lifetime prevalence of asthma was twice as high for racial/ethnic minority compared with children from majorities; this finding suggests that even in middle class communities unmeasured socioeconomic factors (e.g., racial discrimination, differential access to medical care, differential access to housing, differential patterns of medical care use), and perhaps biologic factors, may contribute to these disparities. (Chen, Fisher, Bacharier, Strunk, 2003) The disparity in asthma morbidity is greater than the disparity in asthma prevalence, which suggests that once asthma is established, many factors converge to make asthma worse for children and adults who are from racial/ethni c minority. Factors Contributing To A Higher Prevalence Of Asthma In Minorities Environmental Factors After taking into account exposures including cigarette smoke, body-mass index, air-conditioning use, city of residence, parental respiratory illness, parental education, only-child status, and single-parent household. Younger maternal age, residence in the central city, family income, low birth weight, and measures of overweight or obesity partially, but not fully, explain the increased prevalence of asthma among racial/ethnic minority compared with majority children. (Chen, Fisher, Bacharier, Strunk, 2003) Children from the racial/ethnic minority do not seem to have higher rates of asthma, but living in an urban setting, regardless of race or income, increased the risk of asthma. Housing Conditions and Indoor Environmental Exposures Including Allergens   The degree of housing disrepair has been associated with increased cockroach allergen levels, which has been demonstrated to increase childhood asthma morbidity in sensitized children. (Homa, Mannino, Lara, 2000) Certain allergens, such as cockroach, mouse, or rat, may be more potent sources of allergic or non-allergic airway inflammation, or environmental cofactors such as community stress may increase vulnerability to the effects of these exposures in sensitized individuals and since mostly people having such living conditions are likely to belong to urban areas and also minorities (as explained earlier). Maternal Cigarette Smoking The respiratory health effects of smoking have been well documented. Maternal cigarette smoking is associated with high risk of asthma prevalence in early childhood, and with high risk of asthma morbidity, wheeze, and respiratory infection in children. Cigarette smoking varies by ethnicity and by national origin, and cigarette companies have targeted minorities in an attempt to increase smoking where rates have traditionally been low. Disparities in Asthma and Somatic Growth (Low Birth Weight, Pre-maturity, and Obesity) Smoking and other environmental factors influencing both fetal growth and asthma are more prevalent in many (but not all) socio-economically disadvantaged populations in the United States. Pre-maturity and low birth weight adjusted for gestational age can be influenced not only by maternal smoking, but also by placental insufficiency, maternal fetal nutrition, infection, and maternal psychological as well as physical stress. (Waser, 2002)The risk of all these environmental influences on adverse fetal growth may be higher in many socio-economically disadvantaged U.S. groups, increasing the risk of pre-maturity and low birth weight. Underweight and obesity may both be risk factors for wheeze or asthma, and paradoxically, they may even have similar origins in fetal life or early childhood. (Holgate, Price, 2005) The circumstances of urban living and socioeconomic disadvantage, as well as cultural factors, may contribute to obesity. Stress There is a renewed interest in the influence of psychological stress on asthma. Various socio-demographic characteristics (e.g., lower social class, ethnic minority status, gender) may predispose individuals to particular pervasive forms of chronic life stress, which may, in turn, be significantly influenced by the characteristics of the communities in which they live. (Busse, Kiecolt-Glaser, 1994) Minority group status may predispose individuals to pervasive chronic stressors (e.g., discrimination, racism) and societal factors that link minorities. Disparities In Asthma Control And Treatment Asthma is one of many chronic diseases in the United States in which disparities in treatment and access to care have been documented. Even those with apparently equal access to the same health care system may experience disparities in care, and communication with the medical system is far more subtle than expressions of overt racism. (Freidhoff, Togias 1996). Substantial disparities in children’s health and use of health services persist across racial, ethnic, and economic groups in the United States. Disparities in care for Hispanics and African Americans with asthma are well documented. Unfortunately, many patients with asthma suffer because of inadequate care provided by healthcare professionals. (Schaafsma, Raynorr 2003) Poor adherence by the patient to prescribed management, lack of access to care, or a combination of these problems are some the other key factors that result in increased morbidity and mortality. Difficulty in English language proficiency has been reported to have a significant impact on multiple aspects of the health care experience of Hispanic children, including access to care, use of services, and health outcomes, with some studies finding that English language proficiency explains much of the impact of Hispanic origin on barriers to care and on differences in pediatric care. (Sullivan, 2003) For parents with limited English skills, the availability of medical providers and office staff with whom they can clearly and comfortably communicate may be indispensable for ensuring adequate access to health care for their children. Race/ethnicity, language, and family economic status are closely associated with each other and with other factors that may influence health care experiences. Owing to this interrelatedness, it is important for understanding health care disparities and policy recommendations to evaluate these factors simultaneously to see their independent effects. Oth er related factors may include insurance coverage, child health needs, and geographic location. Access to health care is limited for children with no medical insurance coverage. (Weiss, Sullivan, 2001) Black and Hispanic children are more likely to lack health insurance, with Hispanics consistently found to be the most uninsured ethnic or racial group of children. Health insurance can have an important buffering effect on access to care among disadvantaged children, with public insurance helping to bring poor children closer to the levels of non-poor children with private insurance. However, disparities in care and the location of care can remain despite the provision of insurance. Children from different race/ethnic and economic backgrounds differ in the locations where they reside and in their health status, each of which can impact available options for care and interactions with medical providers.   (Britton, 2003) Secondhand cigarette smoke is documented to negate the benefit of inhaled corticosteroids in inner-city children. Unfortunately, many patients with asthma are smokers, including adolescents. It is generally found that people belonging to low socio-economic status are usually from the minorities and thus do not have enough income to afford the expensive medicines for treatment. (Clark, Brown, Joseph, 2002) Physicians normally know their economic status and avoid prescribing expensive medicine which is actually required to treat the patient of asthma effectively. At this point in time, the physicians prescribe those medicines which are easily available and easy to buy even for the poor family. This results in in-effective treatment of poor asthma patients and thus they tend to get hospitalized again and again which no output. Poor environmental control contributes to bad outcomes for inner-city children, while reduced exposure to aeroallergens improves outcomes. Significant racial disparities in asthma treatment have been found among patients in analyses of several state Medicaid programs. While Hispanics and blacks had a significantly higher rate of visits to the emergency department for asthma as compared to whites, the number of filled prescriptions for inhaled corticosteroids and visits to asthma specialists were more common in whites as compared to Hispanics and Blacks. (Britton, 2003) Although the mental health of the parents is not usually considered in analyses of pediatric asthma control, one study found that an independent risk factor for emergency department visits among minority children with asthma was the presence of depression in the mother. Conclusion Income, which is associated with race/ethnicity, explains some but not all of the disparity. Economic disadvantage is an important factor in the racial/ethnic readmission gap; however, the analysis shows that the observable economic factors do not fully explain the gap. The simple ability to afford health care does not fully explain outcomes. Health insurance plays an important role in the proper management of asthma. Medicaid patients have readmission rates that are 50% higher than privately insured patients, which show that improvements must be made in the discharge and follow-up of Medicaid patients. (Britton, 2003) Yet again, the racial/ethnic gap in readmission is not explained by Medicaid coverage. There are racial/ethnic differences in the prescription and the use of preventive medications within the Medicaid population. The effects of individual environmental factors on asthma morbidity and asthma development are likely to be modified by other environmental factors and by genes. (Freidhoff, Togias, 1996) With the exception of cigarette smoking cessation, policy makers should be cautious when recommending global solutions for protection against development of early-life asthma, given the lack of certainty regarding factors influencing asthma development and the likelihood that individual responses to environmental interventions will be significantly modified by genetic and other environmental factors. It is not trite to say that â€Å"more research is needed† to improve our understanding of factors responsible for disparities in asthma prevalence. However, where community-level or individual-level interventions have been demonstrated to decrease asthma morbidity with reasonable certainty, policy makers should develop the means to apply the lessons learned through changes in governmental and social policy as well as through recommendations to individuals. Subsequently, the outcome of changes in policy should be systematically evaluated. In the United States, effective reduction in disparities in asthma morbidity will be dependent only in part on specific measures like establishment of smoking cessation programs, home allergen reduction in sensitized asthmatic children, physician feedback, and/or health education. The long-term success of any of these specific measures is likely to depend, in great part, on more general improvements in living conditions and life opportunities . References Britton J. 2003. Parasites, allergy, and asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 168:266–67. Busse W, Kiecolt-Glaser J, 1994. Stress and asthma: NHLBI Workshop Summary. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151: 249–52 Carr W, Zeitel L, Weiss K. 2002. Variations in asthma hospitalizations and deaths in New York City. Am. J. Public Health 82:59–6. Chen E, Fisher EB, Bacharier LB, Strunk RC. 2003. Socioeconomic status, stress, and immune markers in adolescents with asthma. Psychosom. Med. 65:984–92. Clark NM, Brown R, Joseph CL. 2002. Issues in identifying asthma and estimating prevalence in an urban school population. J Clin Epidemiol:55: 870-881. Freidhoff LR, Togias A (1996). Inadequate outpatient medical therapy for patients with asthma admitted to two urban hospitals. Am J Med 1996; 100:386–394. Gent JF, Holford TR, Leaderer BP. 1996. Asthma among Puerto Rican Hispanics: a multiethnic comparison study of risk factors. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 154:894–99. Holgate S, Price D, 2005 Asthma out of control? A structured review of recent patient surveys. BMC Pulmon; 6 (Suppl 1): S2. Homa DM, Mannino DM, Lara M.2000. Asthma mortality in U.S. Hispanics of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban heritage, 1990–1995. Am J Respir Critical Care Med; 161:504–509. Schaafsma ES, Raynorr DK, 2003. Accessing medication information by ethnic minorities: barriers and possible solutions. Pharm World Sci; 25(5): 185-90.   Sullivan S. Asthma in the United States: recent trends and current status. J Manag Care Pharm. 2003; 9(suppl 5):3-7. Waser M. 2002. Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children. N. Engl. J. Med. 347:869–77. Weiss K, Sullivan S.2001 The health economics of asthma and rhinitis, I. Assessing the economic impact. Journal of Allergy Clinical Immunology;107:3-8.

U S Involvement in Vietnam From Truman through Johnson essays

U S Involvement in Vietnam From Truman through Johnson essays The United States first got involved in Vietnam when President Harry Truman extended official international recognition of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia on Feb. 7, 1950 (according to Professor Sandra Whittman, Oakton Community College, Des Plaines Illinois). This recognition by Truman was by way of taking sides with the south, as the north's communist-led aggression led American presidents to fear the "Domino Theory": when one country falls to the communists, such as Korea, others will fall like dominos, too; and if Vietnam was to fall, Truman, and later Eisenhower believed, all of Truman set up a group of "advisors" known as the Military Assistance and Advisory Group (MAAG), to advise the French, as they fought communist- led insurgents (Viet Minh) in the north of Vietnam. Truman initiated the training of "unconventional warfare operations and forces." And when the French were defeated by the Viet Minh at the battle of Dien Bien Phu, President Dwight D. Eisenhower established a CIA military mission in In July, 1959, the first American military deaths occurred as two "advisors" (soldiers) were killed. By 1961, under President John Kennedy, there were 1,500 Americans in South Vietnam. In August, 1964, President Johnson responds to an alleged attack on the U.S. Navy (in the Gulf of Tonkin) by getting Congress to approve the bombing of North Vietnam and later (in 1965), Johnson sends ground troops. Up to a half a million troops are engaged by the late 1960s. Question: What was the common link between all four U.S. presidents' Answer: Communism and the "Domino Theory." What caused the U.S. to commit to the war' The goal was stopping the communists. ...

Health Care Organizations, Mayo Clinic Case Research Paper

Health Care Organizations, Mayo Clinic Case - Research Paper Example This research paper examines health care organizations such as Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic positions itself in the topmost position in the market among many other rival players. Other than this, Mayo Clinic also enhanced its brand image and reputation in the market due to its vision to offer high preference to the needs and requirements of the patients as compared to others. However, in order to fulfill the needs of the patients in effective way, it works in collaborative way in diverse teams. As a result of which, Mayo Clinic became successful in amplifying its brand image and sustainability in the market among many other existing contenders. Furthermore, due to its honest work ethics, it became successful in attracting a wide range of patients of varying income groups and cultures that amplified its prosperity and profitability to a significant extent. Due to which, the consistency and popularity of the organization of Mayo Clinic increased that amplified its market share among others . The paper shows strengths of the Mayo Clinic: highly skilled Work-Force, 24 hours services, high quality of care and high advanced machines. It also describes Mayo Clinic's weaknesses: human resource roles need to be evaluated, confused signals to the patients, high experienced staffs need to be recruited. The research paper explores opportunities of this organization, gives overview and assessments of services provided by Mayo Clinic, explains competencies and resource of Mayo Clinic, identification of stakeholders of Mayo Clinic etc.